Laws Against ATM Charges Actually Hurt Consumers

In a movie theater near my home, an ATM machine charges a whopping $2 for withdrawals. This is on top of the $1.50 fee my bank will tack on for the transaction if I am past my allowance of four “foreign” money-machine visits per month. That’s $3.50 for the right to get my money out to buy a lousy movie ticket. Maybe Santa Monica and San Francisco were onto something when the two cities banned surcharges on the use of ATM machines by customers of other banks. A legal battle is brewing over the practice after a federal judge blocked the laws and suggested they don’t qualify as consumer protection measures. The surcharge-ban wagon apparently has gotten rolling because it seeks to pit consumers’ access to their money against banks’ annoying nickel and diming of services, from ATMs to checking accounts, which has been on the increase. “Banks are basically holding our money hostage,” says one activist, appealing to this money-for-nothing attitude. Of course, consumers are not held “hostage” at their own banks’ machines, almost all of which (95 percent plus) do not charge their cardholders transaction fees. And the majority of ATM users use their own bank’s machines. It is the banks that charge non-members fees that are causing the fuss. Yet the focus on banks and their alleged misdeeds misses the bigger picture. Fact is, the surcharges on ATM withdrawals should be seen as among the more consumer-friendly financial developments in recent years. That’s right: Surcharges are pro-consumer. The tremendous growth in ATM machines today there are an estimated 227,000 ATMs, up from about 123,000 in 1995 and the convenience this provides is tied directly to the ability of money-machine providers to charge users directly for the service. The clearest piece of evidence for this is what happened after the large ATM networks, Cirrus and PLUS, lifted their remaining bans on surcharges in April 1996. (Smaller regional networks had already done so, or shortly followed suit.) Until that time, growth in money-machine deployment was expanding at a rate of 9.8 percent per year. But this was limited largely to bank venues and other high-use areas where machine owners (mostly banks) could be assured of recouping some (often not all) of their costs for maintaining ATMs through the large number of network interchange fees charged for each transaction. The banks also collected the so-called foreign fees, with banks charging account-holders when they transacted business over other machines not owned by the bank. Lifting the ban opened another source of revenue to pay for the machines basically a user fee and thus made it possible to deploy machines in areas too expensive for interchange and the other fees alone to support. Surcharges thus created an incentive for owners to deploy ATMs in convenient, but traditionally expensive, areas. From 1995 to 1998, total ATM deployment surged some 70 percent, according to an analysis by Robert E. Litan of the Brookings Institution, or at an annual growth rate of 19.3 percent double that of the pre-surcharge period. “More significant,” Litan notes, “is where the newer ATMs have been installed: off-bank premises, in grocery stores, gas stations, malls, airports, and a wide variety of other retail establishments.” If ATM owners were not allowed to charge user fees for these machines, you would not see as many deployed in these venues. Connecticut, which continues to maintain a ban on surcharges at all machines, has about two-thirds the per-capita number of ATMs as the nation overall, according to Dave Gosnell of Bank Network News. Nationwide, the number of off-premise ATMs has more than doubled since 1996, from 51,500 to 117,000 this year. Fully half of the ATMs now in use are not at banks, according to the American Bankers Association. In 1989, 28 percent of ATMs were off premises, and banks owned most of those. One blatant irony surrounding these latest surcharge bans is that they would not apply to the typical movie theater, convenience store or gas-station money machine. Private ATM management companies or even the stores and theaters themselves, rather than financial institutions, own many of the ATMs at these locations. Such outfits are exempt from the surcharge bans, even though they tend to charge higher fees than any other deployer. (The New York Times, citing industry numbers, reports that companies other than financial institutions own upward of half the new ATMs, including most of the off-premise ones.) So you’ll still get “gouged” at the movie theater if a typical surcharge ban goes through. Nevertheless, if such independent vendors were not exempt, many would pull their machines due to the loss of revenues. As it is, many smaller banks and other financial institutions subject to surcharge bans will feel considerable pressure to curtail their own offerings. This is why even the credit unions longtime favorites of consumer activists opposed the surcharge bans in California. Peter Spencer is editor of Consumers’ Research and a regular commentator for Intellectual Capital.com. His e-mail address is [email protected].